Food Information

ABSTRACT OF  PUBLICATIONS ,  

1. Dissertation work "Utilization of Hatchery By- Products (Empty Egg shell, Infertile Egg and Unhatched Egg) as Feed stuff in Broiler Diets”. Submitted to Food Technology Instruction Committee, central campus of Technology,Tribhuvan University Nov 2003, pp. 1-86, Bachelor degree thesis, for partial fulfilment of B. Tech Food                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Abstract:

This work is carried out to study the effective utilization of hatchery by-products; infertile egg, unhatched egg and empty egg shell as feed ingredients in broiler diets. The second objective of the study is to utilize the hatchery wastes as renewable source with good economic value and reduce its direct exposure to open environment in developing country. The study shows  that  hatchery by product like infertile egg  and unhatched egg after certain treatment and drying  may be  better replace the protein source as fish meal and egg shell may separately used for Ca-source replacing limestone in feed. 

          Infertile eggs and unhatched egg pretreated to 60º C for 7 mins to eliminate salmonella spp. and reducing the chances of pollurum disease cause due to salmonella pollurum. The pretreated eggs were separated into the egg liquids and eggshell. Egg liquids were dried on cabinet drier with layer thickness 0.5 to 0.7 mm at 60ºC for 11-12 hour to obtain final moisture content <6%. The dried egg flake was grounded prior to addition as feed ingredients for good protein- calorie source. The separated eggshell were mixed with empty eggshell, treated with boiling water at 100º C for 30 mins to reduce surface and contaminated microflora. After this treatment eggshell were dried on cabinet drier at 60º C for 2 hour, grounded to reduce the particle size prior to addition to feed as calcium source.

       Based on nutrition recommendation given by HUBBARD farm three diets were formulated with same level of metabolize energy and crude protein contents comprising the ingredients maize, rice polish,  Soya meal, mustard cake, wheat bran, limes stone,bonemeals,egg shell, fish meal and dried egg. The control diet As and Ag consisted with 6% fish meal in broiler starter diets and 5% fish meal on broiler grower diet respectively with supplementation of lysine and methionine to meet the amino acid requirements. The second diets Bs and Bg consisted of dried egg replacing the half of the fishmeal in starter and grower diets as well as limestone was fully replaced by eggshell and required amino acid was fulfilled by supplementation of lysine and methionine. The thirds diets Cs and Cg consisted of dried egg replacing fishmeal completely and eggshell in place of limestone contained no amino acid supplementation. Feeding experiment was conducted to three different groups each of 34 broiler chicks of same species up to five weeks.

 The effectiveness of feed were  studied concerning Body weight gain, FCR and Mortality of developing chicks up to five weeks of feeding. The bird fed with diets Bs and Bg were found best and significantly different in term of average body weight gain and FCR and mortality while no significant difference found between broiler fed with diets As , Cs  and Ag ,Cg.The cost per kg of bird was found lowest for diets Bs and Bg.

2. Khadka D. B, and Koirala p. " Lead Contamination on food and Food Products and its Exposure to human"  Food Wave Magazine, Annual publication of Nepal Food Technology Students' Association, Nepal Vol- 4, 2007, pp 28-31

Abstract

 Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial and consumer waste, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater, Traces of lead are found in almost all food. A guideline for control and prevention along with development of standard of lead contamination has to be developed to reduce contamination on food in developing country like Nepal. Analysis data on Annual Bulletin 2056-2062 published by DFTQC shows that Lead contamination found altogether in 41.14 % food sample analyzed during this 6 year period. The most susceptible food item contaminated with Lead are found as rhizome containing spices, canned fish, dried and smoke fish and shrimps respectively in increased order. Among all detected sample, only some Fish and Fish product were found to contain higher than statutory limits. In developing country like Nepal Lead, contamination on food and its control is still in predatory stage.

3. Koirala, P.^, Khadka., D.B. ,Mishra., A .N^.  PESTICIDES RESIDUES AS ENVIRONMETAL CONTAMINANTS IN FOODS IN NEPAL, The Journal of Agriculture and Environment; Published on the occasion of world Environment/Population day-2007 by Agriculture Environment and Biodiversity section; Gender Equaity and Environment division, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of Nepal;Vol-8, 2007 pp 96-100

Abstract:

This paper reviews the occurrence of pesticides in foods in Nepal during 1995-2004. A total of one thousand and thirty four samples of different food commodities were analyzed for detection of organochlorines (DDT, BHC) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, methyl parathion) pesticides. Among all samples analysed 12% samples were detected with the residues of pesticides which included Malathion (3.9%), BHC (3.1%), Methyl parathion (2.8%), DDT (1.8%) and Parathion (0.3%). Commodity-wise detection of pesticide residues showed the highest level of contamination in root vegetables (11.9%) followed by leaf vegetables (10.9%). Therefore, there is a threat of pesticide residues in foods and may endanger to public health. Government efforts to control misuse of pesticides is not sufficient, therefore, the concerned stakeholders have the shared responsibility to solve it. There is a good scope of working with appropriate intervention measures in this area for NGOs, INGOs, academic institution to prevent the pesticide pollution in food.

4. Koirala P., Khadka D.B.,Dhakal S.,and Lama J.P.;COMMON TEA PEST AND USE OF PESTICIDES IN TEA IN NEPAL” published on Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal( JFSTN) Annual International journal of Nepal Food scientist and Technologists’ Association .,volume-3 2007, ISSN 1816-0727

 Abstract                          

In Nepal, tea is consumed daily at almost every household. The study result revealed that during tea cultivation twenty five types of pesticides is applied. Contamination of pesticides in commonly used tea is an important unrecognized risk to public health and can have long term health implications. Even in small doses, continuous consumption can lead to many adverse health problems. Tea is one of the most potential exportable agri-products after Nepal's accession to WTO. In past, Nepalese tea encountered with the problem of pesticides and already consignments has been rejected by the importing country. Still, some of the pesticides applied in tea are banned. To prevent it, organic farming, promoting IPM approach, application of quality management system and adequate communication among stakeholders and sophisticated tea pesticides analysis laboratory is necessary. Public private partnership in this regard will help to facilitate tea trade and to protect public health in future.